Test standard for handcuffs

Test standard for handcuffs. NIJ Standard for Metallic Handcuffs.
A Voluntary National Standard Promulgated by the National Institute of Justice.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE National Institute of Justice.
This standard was formulated by the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards.

TEST STANDARD FOR METALLIC HANDCUFFS

1, PURPOSE
This standard establishes requirements and methods of test for metallic handcuffs intended to be used to restrict the physical movement of apprehended persons.
1.1. The dust test has been deleted.
1.2. The salt spray test evaluation criteria have been modified.
1.3. The overall acceptance criteria have been clarified.
1.4. The dimensions of cheek plate torque bit have been changed.

2. SCOPE
This document addresses double locking metallic handcuffs.

3.DEFINITIONS
3.1. Double locking Mechanism.
A mechanism which locks a handcuff pawl(s) in an engaged position, and prevents the ratchet from advancing further in the closing direction.
3.2. Handcuff
A ring-shaped shackle for the wrist, usually one of a pair connected by a short chain or linked bar.
3.3. Pawl(s)
A spring-loaded, pivoted bar which engages the teeth of a ratchet, permitting it to advance in the closing direction only.
3.4. Ratchet
A bar with inclined teeth designed to engage with a pawl(s). The ratchet is free to advance past the pawl in one direction of motion only.

4. REQUIREMENTS
4.1. Acceptance Criteria
The handcuffs meet the requirement of this standard if four or more of the five handcuff specimens pass all of the tests.
4.2. User Information
The following items of information shall be among those supplied to the user by the manufacturer or distributor:
a. Operating instructions
b. Type of finish
c. Weight
d. Materials of construction
e. Certification of compliance with this standard (voluntary)
4.3. Marking
All handcuffs shall be permanently and legibly marked as follows:
a. Manufacturer’s name or trademark and model number
b. Serial number
4.4. Workmanship
The handcuffs shall be free from defects.
4.5. Weight
The weight of the pair of handcuffs shall not exceed 425 g (15.0 oz).
4.6. Dimensions
Each handcuff of each pair shall have a minimum opening of 50 mm (2.0 in) for insertion of the wrist.
The inside perimeter of the handcuff shall be a minimum of 200 mm (7.9 in) when the ratchet is engaged at the first notch entering the locking mechanism.
The inside perimeter of the handcuff shall be a maximum of 165 mm (6.5 in) when the ratchet is engaged at the last notch entering the locking mechanism.
The maximum overall length of the pair of handcuffs shall be 240 mm (9.4 in).

TABLE 1. Defects in workmanship
a. Finish not specified.
b. Finish scratched, damaged or marred, exposing base metal.
c. Foreign matter imbedded in finish.
d. Corroded area.
e. Finish not smooth, continuous, or adherent: i.e., blistered, peeled or flaked, pitted, excessive build-up of finish, or discolored.
f. Any part missing, broken, malformed. loose. or not in proper alignment.
g. Rivet or pin insecure or not secured neatly.
h. Any burr, sliver, sharp edge, dent, or tool mark.
i. Metal split, cracked. or crazed.
j. End of pin set below exposed surface of plate.
k. Cracked or incomplete welding.
l. Marking is missing, illegible, incorrect or not permanent.
m. Key cannot unlock handcuff or requires undue force to do so.
n. Handcuff cannot be double-locked.
o. Handcuff ratchet does not lock automatically with the pawl.
p. Any malfunctioning in the opening or closing of the handcuffs: e.g., ratchet binds or does not rotate freely.

4.7. Mechanical Strength
Each pair of handcuffs shall withstand a tensile force of 2200 N (495 lbf) for a period not less than 30 s when tested in accordance with paragraphs 5.6.1 and 5.6.2. The handcuffs shall not open under load, shall show no sign of permanent distortion or fracture and shall function in a normal manner* following these tests.

4.8. Salt Spray Corrosion Resistance
The handcuffs shall be subjected to salt spray for 12 h in accordance with paragraph 5.7. While the handcuffs may show some evidence of minor corrosion or discoloration as a result of the test, they shall show no substantial corrosion and shall continue to function in a normal manner.*
*It is permissible for the ratchet and/or pawl to bind immediately following the test. provided that no more than 10 complete revolutions of the ratchet around the pivot eliminate the binding.

4.9. Cheek Plate Tamper Resistance
Each handcuff having cheek plates shall be subjected to cheek-plate torque not to exceed 23.0 N_m (204 lbf/in) in accordance with paragraph 5.8. If a cheek plate separates from the pivot pin of the handcuff, it shall not be possible for the ratchet to be removed from the pivot pin, by hand or with the aid of a screwdriver, and either disengaged from the pawl or displaced such that the locked handcuff may be placed on a person’s wrist through the opening.

Test standard for handcuffs by NIJ

5. TEST METHODS
5.1. Sampling
A sample of five handcuff specimens shall be selected at random.

5.2. Test Sequence
The tests shall be performed in the following sequence:
a. Inspection
b. Weight and Dimensional Measurements
c. Mechanical Loading Tests
d. Salt Spray Test
e. Cheek Plate Test

5.3. Test Equipment
5.3.1. Tensile Testing Machine
The tensile testing machine shall be capable of applying and maintaining a force of 2200±90 N (495±20 lbf).
5.3.2. Torque Wrench
The torque wrench shall be capable of applying and maintaining a torque of 23.0 N·m (204 lbf·in), with an accuracy and precision of at least 5%, and shall be of the indicator (not the preset) type.
5.3.3. Test Fixtures
The torque bit shall be made from tool steel to the dimensions shown in figure 2 and shall be heat treated to a Rockwell hardness of 55-60C. The tensile loading fixture shall be made from tool steel to the dimensions show in figure .
5.3.4. Salt Spray Chamber
The salt spray chamber shall meet the requirements of ASTM Standard B117-73.

5.4. Inspection
Inspect the handcuffs for the defects shown in table 1, with the unaided human eye (20/20 vision).
5.5 Weight and Dimensional Measurements

Measure and weigh each pair of handcuffs to determine compliance with paragraphs 4.5 and 4.6.

5.6. Mechanical loading Tests
5.6.1. Handcuffs
Double lock each handcuff with the ratchet engaged at the first notch entering the locking mechanism. Apply a tensile force of 2200 N (495 lbf) in the direction of the chain (longitudinal), across the handcuffs, using the test fixtures as shown in figure 3. Maintain the tension for 30 s, note whether the ratchet separates from the pawl, release the tension, and then check the handcuffs for proper operation.
5.6.2. Locking Mechanism
Double lock each handcuff with the ratchet engaged at the first notch entering the locking, mechanism. Apply a tensile force of 2200 N (495 lbf) to one of the handcuffs, at right angles to the direction of the chain, using the test fixtures as shown in figure 3. Maintain the tension for 30 s, note whether the ratchet separates from the pawl. release the tension, and then check the handcuff for proper operation. Repeat the test on the other handcuff of the pair.

5.7. Salt Spray Test
Subject the handcuffs to salt spray in accordance with ASTM Standard B117-73.* Use a 5% salt solution, a chamber temperature of 35 ±2 °C (95 ±3.6 °F) and an exposure of 12 h. Suspend the handcuffs so that they do not touch each other or the walls or floor of the chamber. After the test, inspect the handcuffs for evidence of substantial corrosion or improper operation.

5.8. Cheek Plate Test
Engage the handcuff pawl in the third notch from the free end of the ratchet, double-lock the handcuff and keep it locked throughout the test. Clamp the handcuff ratchet in a vise whose jaws are faced with either plastic or soft metal plates. Wear safety goggles for protection. Insert the torque bit between the cheek plates, adjacent to the pivot pin that secures the ratchet to the cheek plates as shown in figure 2. Use a suitable torque wrench to apply a clockwise torque to the torque bit until the cheek plates yield, deforming to such an extent that a maximum torque of
23.0 N•m (204 lbf•in) cannot be maintained. If the maximum torque can be applied, retain that torque for a period of 30s, and then apply the same torque in a counterclockwise direction for 30s.

If a cheek plate separates from the pivot pin, remove the handcuff from the vise. By hand and with the aid of a screwdriver:
146.1 mm (5 3/4 in) <blade length <158.8 mm (6 l/4 in),
7.5 mm (19/64 in) <tip width at end <11.1 mm (7/16 in),
0.965 mm (0.038 in) <tip thickness at end <1.6 mm (0.062 in)
Determine whether it is possible to remove the ratchet from the pivot pin and to disengage the ratchet from the pawl or to break or bend the ratchet sufficiently to enable the handcuff to be removed from or placed on a person’s wrist.